Osteoarthritis of the Spine: What It Is, Stages and Treatment
Author MUDr. Peter Bednarčík CSc.
Revision
Do you wake up every morning with back pain? Is your back so stiff that it won’t let you get out of bed? It could be osteoarthritis of the spine. In addition to the pain, you may feel stiffness that gradually loosens with movement. Osteoarthritis of the spine is a degenerative disease that affects the joints and vertebrae in the spine. It brings uncomfortable limitations in daily life. It can affect up to 95% of people over the age of 65. [1]
Learn more about the symptoms of this disease. What are the treatment options for osteoarthritis of the spine? How to suppress symptoms such as pain, swelling and inflammation that accompany this disease? Read more here.
Osteoarthritis of the spine - symptoms
- Back pain when moving
- Back pain when resting
- Limited mobility
- Fatigue
- Inflammation and swelling
The symptoms of osteoarthritis of the spine depend on which part of the spine is affected.
- Osteoarthritis of the cervical spine: in addition to back pain in the neck, headache or nausea may occur. The pain may also spread to the upper limbs. [2]
- Osteoarthritis in the lumbar region: pain and stiffness in the lower back can be accompanied by discomfort in the buttocks and muscle tension or cramps in the lower limbs. [3]
- Osteoarthritis of the spine in the lumbosacral region (the junction of the lumbar spine and sacrum) is accompanied by pain in the lower back, and patients have difficulty bending or rotating the body.
- Osteoarthritis of the thoracic spine is a rare disease that occurs only rarely.
Only a doctor can make a correct diagnosis. Do not use this or any other article on the internet to make a diagnosis. Do not delay seeing a doctor and address your condition early.
Description and causes of osteoarthritis of the spine
Definition of osteoarthritis of the spine – what is it ?
Osteoarthritis of the spine is a degenerative disease that affects the vertebrae and intervertebral discs. When osteoarthritis affects the vertebral bodies, it is called spondylosis. If the intervertebral joints are affected, it is called spondylarthrosis. [4]
In osteoarthritis, growths gradually form on the vertebrae and intervertebral joints, which restrict spinal mobility and can cause root pain. [5]
Osteoarthritis of the cervical spine most often affects the 4th and 5th cervical vertebrae, while osteoarthritis of the lumbar spine is most common in the area of the 5th lumbar vertebra. [6]
Causes of osteoarthritis of the spine
The main cause of osteoarthritis is age-related wear and tear on the spine. Other factors that contribute to spinal damage include:
- prolonged sitting, especially in an awkward position,
- repetitive movements during manual work (lifting objects, bending the torso),[7]
- abnormalities in the spine (congenital and acquired),
- injuries,
- long-term excessive strain on the spine during sports,
- being overweight and having an unhealthy lifestyle. [8]
Heredity and a family history of osteoarthritis of the spine are also risk factors. [9]
Diagnosis of osteoarthritis of the spine
As with other types of osteoarthritis, the diagnosis of osteoarthritis of the spine is made on the basis of a physical examination and the results of an X-ray or magnetic resonance imaging.
- The doctor finds out what the patient’s movement habits are, how their reflexes work and examines their gait.
- An X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan will show the actual condition of the spine in different parts of the back.
- If necessary, patients are also examined by a neurologist. [10]
Did you know?
- The intervertebral discs begin to lose their elasticity around the age of 40. [11]
- Osteoarthritis of the spine occurs to the same extent in both men and women. [12]
Complications when left untreated
If left untreated, osteoarthritis of the spine can have serious complications and a negative impact on health and well-being.
- Worsening pain: the continuous pain associated with osteoarthritis of the spine may worsen and become more intense.
- Restricted mobility: can lead to progression of the disease, including restriction of movement such as turning the head or bending in the trunk.
- Mental health problems: chronic pain and limited mobility can have a negative impact on mental health.
- Loss of flexibility: can lead to a gradual loss of flexibility and affect the ability to maintain correct posture.
Pain
Limited mobility
Depression
Loss of flexibility
We recommend not delaying treatment of fractures
Do not delay treatment for a fracture, and see a specialist if you have any health problems or doubts about your health. This will prevent unnecessary health complications.
Osteoarthritis of the spine - treatment
Treatment of osteoarthritis of the spine is usually conservative. This means that the patient undergoes physiotherapy and takes medication for pain, inflammation or muscle relaxants. [13]
- Physiotherapy uses various techniques to promote mobility, strengthen the back muscles and restore the mobility of the intervertebral joints.
- Regimen changes are also important – for example, adjusting the workplace, practicing proper sitting or reducing weight. [14]
If all conservative methods fail and the trouble is severe, surgical treatment may be indicated. In surgery, for example, growths on the vertebrae are removed or the intervertebral disc is operated on. [15]
Beware
Treatment of osteoarthritis can only be determined by your physician after considering your overall health. Therefore, do not use this article as a guide to treatment, which can only be determined by a physician.
Medication for osteoarthritis of the spine
There is no single best cure for osteoarthritis of the spine. As already mentioned, analgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs or muscle relaxants are used. Topically, creams, gels or ointments with medicinal properties can be used and applied to the site of pain and inflammation. They can provide local relief. Chondroprotective agents aim to protect and restore joint cartilage.
Physiotherapy
Physiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the spine. The physiotherapist will design an individual programme of exercises and therapeutic procedures that will be tailored to the specific needs of the patient. He or she may use:
- Therapeutic exercise: focuses on strengthening the muscles of the spine and abdomen, improving posture and increasing joint mobility.
- Manual therapy: Massage, as joint mobilization can help release muscle tension, improve mobility and reduce pain.
- Electrotherapy: electrostimulation, ultrasound or heat therapy can be used to relieve pain, increase blood flow.
- Hydrotherapy: Water can be used as a medium for exercise and rehabilitation.
The physiotherapist will also mainly give you advice on correct movement patterns, ergonomics, correct posture and pain management techniques. He or she may make recommendations on lifestyle, exercise and preventing further aggravation of osteoarthritis of the spine.
Osteoarthritis of the spine and disability pension
Osteoarthritis of the spine can cause disability of varying severity. If patients with osteoarthritis of the spine meet all the conditions to qualify for a disability pension, they can apply for a pension.
- Before submitting an application, it is advisable to consult regarding the procedure with the treating physician. [16]
Osteoarthritis of the spine: prevention
Osteoarthritis is mainly age-related, so it is not possible to avoid the disease completely. Also, osteoarthritis cannot be stopped. With prevention, it is possible to fight its deterioration, slow its progress and prevent serious damage to the spine or surrounding nerves.
- Move regularly. A suitable activity is, for example, walking. [17]
- Think about ergonomics and correct posture – when sitting, working and playing sports.[18]
- Think correct posture – when sitting, working and playing sports. [19]
Quality of life with osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis of the spine can significantly impair quality of life – especially due to pain and restricted movement. Morning back stiffness, which typically lasts 10 to 15 minutes, makes many daily activities uncomfortable. It is advisable to start treatment as soon as possible to ensure that it has the maximum possible effect and does not cause serious irreversible changes to the spine. [20]
What kind of sport to choose for osteoarthritis of the spine?
It is important to choose sports and physical activities that minimise stress on the spine and joints, while providing beneficial movement and muscle strengthening. In general, they can be recommended after prior consultation with a physician or physiotherapist:
- Swimming: improves muscle strength, mobility and overall fitness.
- Cycling: It is gentle on the spine because the load is distributed evenly. Keep the saddle and handlebars properly adjusted to minimize strain on the back of the body.
- Walking: make sure you have suitable footwear with good foot support.
- Tai Chi: This ancient Chinese practice helps to improve stability, balance, mobility and release tension in the body.
- Yoga: It is important to avoid challenging postures that could put strain on the spine.
Important warnings when dealing with osteoarthritis of the spine
Back pain caused by osteoarthritis needs to be addressed early.
Physiotherapy is essential in the treatment.
Move regularly – you promote blood circulation.
Don’t underestimate the importance of good posture – both sitting and working.
Summary and recommendations for osteoarthritis
See your physician
The treatment of osteoarthritis of the spine is always determined by a doctor based on a general examination, an assessment of your condition and an accurate diagnosis.
Causal treatment of osteoarthritis of the spine
After a general examination, your doctor will recommend treatment for the cause of the osteoarthritis in your spine. They will also advise you on possible lifestyle adjustments and the next course of action.
Relieving pain, swelling and inflammation
Symptomatic treatment focuses on the manifestations or signs (symptoms) of the disease. Such treatment can significantly improve your quality of life and support comprehensive treatment during the course of the disease.
Sources, references and literature
[1] Kuo D. T., Tadi P. Cervical Spondylosis. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; January 2023. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551557/
[2] Spondylarthrosis of the spine. MedClinic – Surgery and rehabilitation. Available at: https://medclinic.info/en/blog-en/spondylosteoarthritis-of-the-spine/
[3] Spondylarthrosis of the spine. MedClinic – Surgery and rehabilitation. Available at: https://medclinic.info/en/blog-en/spondylosteoarthritis-of-the-spine/
[4] Spondylosis, Spondyloarthrosis. Spine Tech – Neck & Back Specialists. Available at: http://www.spinetech.ca/spondylosis-spondyloarthrosis/. Spondylarthrosis of the spine. MedClinic – Surgery and rehabilitation. Available at: https://medclinic.info/en/blog-en/spondylosteoarthritis-of-the-spine/
[5] Spondylarthrosis of the spine. MedClinic – Surgery and rehabilitation. Available at: https://medclinic.info/en/blog-en/spondylosteoarthritis-of-the-spine/
[6] Radl R., Leixner G., Stihsen C., Windhager R. Spondylarthrose an der Halswirbelsäule. Therapie [Spondylarthrosis of the cervical spine. Therapy]. Orthopade 2013 Sep; 42 (9): 785-792; quiz 793-4. German. doi: 10.1007/s00132-013-2153-6. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23989596/. Spondylosis and Spondyloarthrosis. BeActive Clinic. Available at: https://beactiveclinic.co.uk/blog/spondylosis-and-spondyloarthrosis
[7] Spondylosis, Spondyloarthrosis. Spine Tech – Neck & Back Specialists. Available at: http://www.spinetech.ca/spondylosis-spondyloarthrosis/
[8] Spondylarthrosis of the spine. MedClinic – Surgery and rehabilitation. Available at: https://medclinic.info/en/blog-en/spondylosteoarthritis-of-the-spine/
[9] Cervical Spondylosis. Mayo Clinic, 14. June 2022. Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-spondylosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20370787
[10] Cervical Spondylosis. Mayo Clinic, 14. June 2022. Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-spondylosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20370787
[11] Cervical Spondylosis. Mayo Clinic, 14. June 2022. Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-spondylosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20370787
[12] Spondylosis and Spondyloarthrosis. BeActive Clinic. Available at: https://beactiveclinic.co.uk/blog/spondylosis-and-spondyloarthrosis
[13] Radl R., Leixner G., Stihsen C., Windhager R. Spondylarthrose an der Halswirbelsäule. Therapie [Spondylarthrosis of the cervical spine. Therapy]. Orthopade 2013 Sep; 42 (9): 785-792; quiz 793-4. German. doi: 10.1007/s00132-013-2153-6. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23989596/
[14] Spondylosis and Spondyloarthrosis. BeActive Clinic. Available at: https://beactiveclinic.co.uk/blog/spondylosis-and-spondyloarthrosis
[15] Cervical Spondylosis. Mayo Clinic, 14. June 2022. Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-spondylosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20370787
[16] Disability pension. Czech Social Security Administration. Available at: https://www.cssz.cz/invalidni-duchod
[17] Cervical Spondylosis. Mayo Clinic, 14. June 2022. Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-spondylosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20370787
[18]Spondylosis, Spondyloarthrosis. Spine Tech – Neck & Back Specialists. Available at: http://www.spinetech.ca/spondylosis-spondyloarthrosis/
[19] Spondylarthrosis of the spine. MedClinic – Surgery and rehabilitation. Available at: https://medclinic.info/en/blog-en/spondylosteoarthritis-of-the-spine/
[20] Spondylarthrosis of the spine. MedClinic – Surgery and rehabilitation. Available at: https://medclinic.info/en/blog-en/spondylosteoarthritis-of-the-spine/. Spondylosis and Spondyloarthrosis. BeActive Clinic. Available at: https://beactiveclinic.co.uk/blog/spondylosis-and-spondyloarthrosis
How to control pain, swelling and address inflammation?
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